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Lesson | 1 -3 Class Periods

Elementary Express: Primary vs. Secondary Sources


Overview

Primary vs Secondary Sources

Primary or secondary? Your students become source detectives in this media literacy lesson that mixes visuals, real-world examples, and a library hunt! Perfect for research prep and history or ELA tie-ins.

This lesson is part of SRL's Elementary Express Toolkit, introducing students Grades 3-6 to key media literacy and journalism concepts. Each lesson is designed to facilitate classroom engagement and discussion that encourage critical thinking, media literacy, and civic connections. You can find more here:

Central Questions

  • What is the difference between primary and secondary sources?
  • How can we tell if a source is primary or secondary, and why does it matter?

Learning Outcomes

  • Students will be able to distinguish the difference between primary and secondary sources, explain the value of primary sources in research and analyze sources using evidence to explain reasoning.
  • Primary sources are an original description or form of media from someone who was there to experience an event. For example, a photograph, journal entry, and autobiography.
  • Secondary sources are a description of an event from someone who was not there to experience it. For example, a biography, textbooks, and informational books.

When Would You Use This Lesson?

  • During media literacy units, and before student research projects.
  • Can be paired with an existing curriculum for English, Journalism, and History units.
  • Support students recognition of accurate sources

Media Literacy Connections

Engages students in understanding different perspectives in media and how they connect to a larger narrative. Students will carry that foundational block of understanding primary and secondary sources as they continue to grow in their understanding of media.

Civics Connections

Empower students to review multiple perspectives of a story with a critical lens. Students will understand how historical sources fit into these categories.

Warm-Up Activity

Open the lesson with a class discussion on primary versus secondary sources.

Create a T-chart to write down ideas.

Together, look over the primary vs secondary sources definition sheet. Afterwards, brainstorm your own definitions and come up with examples as a class.

Ask students:

  • What do you think these words mean?
  • What kind of sources have you used before?
    Then, show a few simple image examples (i.e., a photo from a protest vs. a textbook page about the protest) and ask: Which one is more like seeing it for yourself? Why?

Classroom Examples:

Activity 1: Identifying Sources

  1. Together look through different source examples to see if they are Primary or Secondary sources. Encourage open discussion for questions that students are 50/50 on. Emphasize the importance of using evidence to support claims.
  2. Use the Primary vs Secondary Examples worksheet to allow students to track down all the answers together as a class

Activity 2: Library Hunt

  1. Break students up into groups of 2-4 for this activity
  2. Allow each group 5-8 minutes to explore the nonfiction books in the classroom, or school, library. Each group will pick 3-4 nonfiction books to analyze on their own.
  3. Each group will review the books they picked to figure out if they are primary or secondary sources. Give the students 10-15 minutes to read through the stories and discuss amongst themselves
  4. Encourage students to write down their analysis in Classroom Library Book Hunt
  5. Once each group has finished, encourage every group to share one of their findings to the class. Use thought building questions such as, “What evidence did you find that helped you find your answer?“ Keep the T-chart in view during this portion of the activity. Review the definitions and examples written by the class, if needed.

Reflection

Discuss how students decide what kinds of information to trust. Ask them how they verify information they see.

  • If possible, call back to the fact vs opinion lesson and review examples of verifying sources.

Facilitate a brief group conversation:

  • What makes a source trustworthy?
  • When might you want a secondary source?
  • How could knowing the difference help you in real life?

Exit Ticket

  • Using a piece of paper, ask the students to explain the differences of primary and secondary sources, for a bonus, add two examples for each one.

Ask students to write:

  1. What is one primary source and one secondary source you remember from today?
  2. What’s the difference between them, in your own words?

Bonus prompt (on the back):

Imagine you are writing a report about an event that happened in your neighborhood. What kind of source would you want first, and why?”

ABOUT THIS RESOURCE

This resource is part of the Elementary Express Toolkit geared toward Grades 3-6.

Journalism

Journalism is the activity of gathering, assessing, creating, and presenting news and information.

Source: American Press institute

Trust

Belief that someone or something is reliable, good, honest, effective, etc.

Source: Merriam Webster

Bias

Prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair.

Source: Lexico, Powered by Oxford

Accountability

An obligation or willingness to accept responsibility or to account for one's actions.

Source: Merriam Webster

Perception

Awareness of the elements of environment through physical sensation or intuitive cognition. A capacity for comprehension and understanding.

Source: Merriam Webster

Relevance

People are attracted to information that helps them make good decisions. If you like music, you find musician interviews relevant. If you’re looking for a job, the business news is relevant. We need to depend on relevant information that helps us make decisions.

Story Angle

In news, it’s a story’s point or theme. It's the lens through which the producer or writer filters the information they have gathered and focuses it to make it meaningful to viewers or readers.

Source: ThoughCo.

Interview

A conversation between two or more people where the purpose is to gather information and facts. The interviewer asks questions and the interviewee provides information based on their knowledge about a specific topic or issue.

Evidence

The availability of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid

Expert

A person who has a comprehensive and authoritative knowledge of or skill in a particular area.

Fact

Something that is known or proved to be true.

Opinion

A view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge.

Assumption

Something that is accepted as true or as certain to happen, without proof.

Research

An investigation into and study of sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.

Source

A source is an individual, company, document or more that can provide information to fuel a new story. In order for a story to be considered verified and to maintain a reputation as a news outlet, it is important to have a credible source.

Accuracy

Free from mistake or error. Coverage of topics and facts in appropriate detail.

Fairness

Journalists should strive for accuracy and truth in reporting, and not slant a story so a reader draws the reporter’s desired conclusion.

Fact-check

The process of verifying the accuracy of a piece of information.

Curiosity

A desire to learn and know about something or anything.

Historical Sources and Evidence

Historical inquiry is based on materials left from the past that can be studied and analyzed. (NCSS D2.His.9.9-12 - D2.His.13.9-12)

Determining Helpful Sources

Determine the kinds of sources that will be helpful in answering compelling and supporting questions, taking into consideration multiple points of view represented in the sources, the types of sources available, and the potential uses of the sources. (NCSS D1.5.9-12)

Empowered Learner

Students leverage technology to take an active role in choosing, achieving and demonstrating competency in their learning goals, informed by the learning sciences. (ISTE)

Knowledge Constructor

Students critically curate a variety of resources using digital tools to construct knowledge, produce creative artifacts and make meaningful learning experiences for themselves and others. (ISTE)

Language - Vocabulary Acquisition and Use

  • CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.L.9-10.4: Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grades 9–10 reading and content, choosing flexibly from a range of strategies.
  • CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.L.9-10.5: Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.
  • CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.L.9-10.6: Acquire and use accurate general academic and domain-specific words and phrases, sufficient for reading, writing, speaking, and listening at the college and career readiness level; demonstrate independence in gathering vocabulary knowledge when considering a word or phrase important to comprehension or expression.

Reading - Range of Reading and Level of Text Complexity

  • CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.L.9-10.10: By the end of grade 9, read and comprehend literature, including stories, dramas, and poems, in the grades 9–10 text complexity band proficiently, with scaffolding as needed at the high end of the range.
    By the end of grade 10, read and comprehend literature, including stories, dramas, and poems, at the high end of the grades 9–10 text complexity band independently and proficiently.

Language - Knowledge of Language

  • CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.L.9-10.3: Apply knowledge of language to understand how language functions in different contexts, to make effective choices for meaning or style, and to comprehend more fully when reading or listening.

Language - Conventions of Standard English

  • CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.L.9-10.1: Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.
  • CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.L.9-10.2: Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Writing - Range of Writing

  • CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.L.9-10.10: Write routinely over extended time frames (time for research, reflection, and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Perspectives

Historical understanding requires recognizing this multiplicity of points of view in the past, which makes it important to seek out a range of sources on any historical question rather than simply use those that are easiest to find. It also requires recognizing that perspectives change over time, so that historical understanding requires developing a sense of empathy with people in the past whose perspectives might be very different from those of today. (NCSS D2.His.4.9-12 - D2.His.8.9-12)

Speaking and Listening - Presentation of Knowledge and Ideas

  • CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.L.9-10.4: Present information, findings, and supporting evidence clearly, concisely, and logically such that listeners can follow the line of reasoning and the organization, development, substance, and style are appropriate to purpose, audience, and task.
  • CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.L.9-10.5: Make strategic use of digital media (e.g., textual, graphical, audio, visual, and interactive elements) in presentations to enhance understanding of findings, reasoning, and evidence and to add interest.
  • CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.L.9-10.6: Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating command of formal English when indicated or appropriate.

Speaking and Listening - Comprehension and Collaboration

  • CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.L.9-10.1: Initiate and participate effectively in a range of collaborative discussions (one-on-one, in groups, and teacher-led) with diverse partners on grades 9–10 topics, texts, and issues, building on others’ ideas and expressing their own clearly and persuasively.
  • CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.L.9-10.2: Integrate multiple sources of information presented in diverse media or formats (e.g., visually, quantitatively, orally) evaluating the credibility and accuracy of each source.
  • CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.L.9-10.3: Evaluate a speaker’s point of view, reasoning, and use of evidence and rhetoric, identifying any fallacious reasoning or exaggerated or distorted evidence.

Writing - Text Types and Purposes

  • CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.L.9-10.1: Write arguments to support claims in an analysis of substantive topics or texts, using valid reasoning and relevant and sufficient evidence.
  • CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.L.9-10.2: Write informative/explanatory texts to examine and convey complex ideas, concepts, and information clearly and accurately through the effective selection, organization, and analysis of content.
  • CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.L.9-10.3: Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, well-chosen details, and well-structured event sequences.

Reading - Craft and Structure

  • CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.L.9-10.4: Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in the text, including figurative and connotative meanings; analyze the cumulative impact of specific word choices on meaning and tone (e.g., how the language evokes a sense of time and place; how it sets a formal or informal tone).
  • CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.L.9-10.5: Analyze how an author’s choices concerning how to structure a text, order events within it (e.g., parallel plots), and manipulate time (e.g., pacing, flashbacks) create such effects as mystery, tension, or surprise.
  • CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.L.9-10.6: Analyze a particular point of view or cultural experience reflected in a work of literature from outside the United States, drawing on a wide reading of world literature.

Reading - Key Ideas and Details

  • CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.L.9-10.1: Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.
  • CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.L.9-10.2: Determine a theme or central idea of a text and analyze in detail its development over the course of the text, including how it emerges and is shaped and refined by specific details; provide an objective summary of the text.
  • CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.L.9-10.3: Analyze how complex characters (e.g., those with multiple or conflicting motivations) develop over the course of a text, interact with other characters, and advance the plot or develop the theme.
Topics

Journalism

Media Literacy

Education

History

Tutorials

Lessons

Levels

Beginner

Materials

White board, chalkboard or other visual board

Online Worksheet

Notebook

Estimated Time

1 -3 Class Periods